Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essays

Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essays Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essay Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essay Compare and contrast three current paradigms in abnormal psychology associating to the aetiology and care of eating upsets. This essay will get down by briefly specifying the cardinal constructs of this inquiry and will so give a concise account of the chief feeding upsets in order to supply relevant background information, before researching the three paradigms identified further on. Finally the essay will summarize some differences and applications to eating upsets, of these paradigms. Abnormal psychology is the scientific survey of unnatural behavior ( Stirling and Hellewell 1999 ) which draws upon different subjects such as psychological science, psychopathology, neurology and general medical specialty. The term paradigm’ has been accorded many definitions ; nevertheless within the context of this treatment could be thought of as a construct used by many subjects to stand for a class of theories for the intent of account ( Stansfield 2001 ) . Aetiology is concerned with the causing of disease. The inquiry refers to both aetiology and to care and the differentiation is of import in the sense that an consciousness of aetiology can inform bar of conditions, or at least aid to recognize and turn to early hazard factors, whereas knowledge about care factors is necessary in order to be able to develop effectual intervention intercessions ( Stice 2002 ) . There are three chief eating upsets, viz. anorexia nervosa, binge-eating syndrome nervosa and orgy eating upset ( Keel and Herzog 2004 ) . Anorexia nervosa is associated with a organic structure weight which is 15 % or more below what is expected for the individual’s tallness and weight, due to terrible limitation of food- consumption, frequently combined with inordinate exercising. Diagnosis besides takes into history an intense fright of being fat together with a deformed body- image. The chief characteristic of binge-eating syndrome nervosa is a combination of orgy feeding and self- induced emesis and the usage of laxatives or water pills. There is besides a preoccupation with organic structure weight ( Roth et al 2005 ) . Binge eating upset is characterised by periodic orgy feeding ( twice a hebdomad or more ) non usually followed by purging or the usage of laxatives ( Brown 2005 ) . The literature refers besides to other, less well- known eating upsets such as Eating Diso rder Not Otherwise Specified ( EDNOS ) ( Key and Lacey 2002 ) which is characterised by a combination of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa and binge-eating syndrome nervosa together with high degrees of perfectionism, relationship troubles and a reluctance to seek aid. Current paradigms in abnormal psychology include the familial paradigm, the psychoanalytic paradigm, the cognitive behavioral paradigm and the neuroscience paradigm every bit good as other factors that are more eclectic such as emotion, sociocultural factors, emphasis and clinical jobs that have multiple positions ( Kring et al 2006 ) The three paradigms to be compared and contrasted here are the familial paradigm, the cognitive behavioral paradigm and the neuroscience paradigm. Familial factors were non originally thought to lend to eating upsets ( Lilenfeld and Kay 1998 ) ; nevertheless twin surveies have indicated that there can be familial factors ( Ingram and Price 2002 ) and have added to the turning organic structure of grounds which suggests that familial factors are extremely important in the development of eating upsets ( Lask and Bryant- Waugh 2000 ) . It has been suggested that familial factors contribute to a wide spectrum of eating upsets instead than to one specifically defined upset ( Smolak et al 1996 ) . If this is the instance so it may be more helpful to look for indicants of a general sensitivity to eating upsets which may emerge earlier in life, than the specific status. At present our apprehension of the relationship between familial factors and eating upsets has limited application ; i.e. to the consideration of household history in order to place at- hazard persons. However in the hereafter it is anticipated that high- hazard persons will be identifiable by their genotypes ( familial make- up ) . Finally, it should be possible to utilize cistron therapy to cut down or even extinguish the familial hazard of developing an feeding upset. ( Johnson and Bulick accessed 2006 ) . Within the cognitive behavioral paradigm, the account for eating upsets is concerned with psychological factors ; anorexia nervosa originates from feelings of being fat and unattractive ( Rosen et al 1995 ) and is maintained by cognitive prejudice ( divergence from rational thought ( Gelfand 2004 ) . This paradigm is based on the premise that cognitive factors are straight linked to eating ( and other ) upsets and hence, it should be possible to handle the symptoms of eating upsets by straight aiming these cognitive factors ( Russell and Jarvis 2003a ) utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) . CBT focuses on beliefs and behaviors, the function these play in the development of psychological troubles and the care of these troubles over a period of clip ( Roth Ledley et Al 2005 ) . Presently there is more grounds to back up the effectivity of CBT with binge-eating syndrome nervosa than with anorexia nervosa ( Simos 2002 ) . The account for eating upsets within the neuroscience paradigm includes a nexus between the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine and psychological symptoms such as appetency ; anorexia being linked to altered ( i.e. low ) degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( Kaye et al 2005 ) . Serotonin plays an of import portion in the ordinance of appetency every bit good as other facets such as slumber and temper. A low degree of 5-hydroxytryptamine besides causes hyperactivity and crossness which may lend to the care of the eating upset ( Yates 1991 ) . Drugs such as Prozac might be used to handle eating upsets as they have the consequence of raising degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( Russell and Jarvis 2003b ) . However, although it has been found that handling binge-eating syndrome nervosa with Prozac has shown a high degree of effectivity ; cognitive behavioral therapy shows a greater grade of success with fewer side effects and longer-lasting consequences ( Costin 2006 ) In decision, the familial paradigm offers some account for the aetiology of eating upsets and has relevancy in relation to placing familial factors. It is merely in the hereafter that advances in cistron therapy will enable its application. The neuroscience paradigm is concerned with accounts about chemical alterations which can trip eating upsets and consequently intervention involves chemical intercession. Overall CBT appears to be one of the most effectual attacks used in the intervention of eating upsets but might be more helpful when used with some upsets than others and its success is dependent on the harmony of the patient. It is possible that no one current paradigm in abnormal psychology can definitively explicate the aetiology and care of eating upsets. It has been suggested for illustration that psychosocial factors are extremely influential in determining eating upsets, but could besides trip implicit in familial mechanisms ( Vrachnas et al 2005 ) . Palmer ( 2004 ) suppor ts this position by proposing that anorexia nervosa and binge-eating syndrome nervosa portion a similar familial susceptibleness, but the signifier the status takes may be determined by other factors. Furthermore, Klump et al observed that personality as a familial hazard factor is likely to interact with environmental emphasiss in order to take to eating upsets. This suggests that a combination of attacks ( a biopsychosocial theoretical account ( Hoek et al 1998 ) ) is likely to be the best manner frontward and there is some grounds for illustration, to propose that CBT is most effectual when used in concurrence with other schemes to handle eating upsets ( Grilo 2006 ) . Overall, the pupil would hold with Halmi ( 1992 ) ; that imputing accounts for eating upsets to a individual paradigm, is a reductionist position. Mentions Brown J. Nutrition now. Thomas Wadsworth. 2005. p.2 Costin C. Medication for Treating Eating Disorders: The Psychiatrist s Role and Medication. HealthyPlace.com. Eating Disorders Community. 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthyplace.com/Communities/Eating_Disorders/medication_1a.asp Accessed: 25ThursdayNovember 2006 Gelfand M The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture. Stanford University Press. 2004. p. 8. Grilo C. 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